Diospyros Montana| Tendu , Balkuniki , Temburni

Diospyros montana, commonly known as the "Himalayan persimmon" or "wild ebony," is a species of tree native to the Himalayan region and other parts of South Asia. It belongs to the family Ebenaceae. Here are some key characteristics and uses of Diospyros montana:

1. Appearance:

Diospyros montana is a medium-sized to large evergreen tree that can reach heights of up to 30 meters.

The leaves are simple, alternate, and elliptical to oblong in shape, with a glossy dark green color.

The tree produces small, inconspicuous flowers that are typically greenish-white in color.

2. Fruit:

The fruit of Diospyros montana is known as the "Himalayan persimmon."

It is a small, round fruit that turns yellow or orange when ripe.

The fruit is edible and has a sweet and slightly astringent taste.

In some regions, the fruit is consumed fresh or used in making jams and preserves.

3. Timber:

The wood of Diospyros montana is highly valued for its durability and strength.

It is used in various applications, including making furniture, cabinetry, and agricultural implements.

The wood is often referred to as "ebony" due to its dark and dense nature.

4. Traditional Uses:

Different parts of the tree, including the bark and leaves, have been used in traditional medicine in various cultures for their potential medicinal properties.

In some traditional practices, the bark has been used to treat digestive issues and skin conditions.

5. Environmental Role:

Diospyros montana plays a role in supporting local ecosystems by providing habitat and food for various wildlife species.

6. Conservation:

The tree species is not considered globally threatened, but localized overharvesting for timber and habitat loss in some regions may warrant conservation efforts.

7. Cultural Significance:

In some regions, the tree holds cultural and religious significance and may be associated with traditional practices and beliefs.

Diospyros montana is a versatile tree with a range of practical uses, including its timber, edible fruit, and potential medicinal applications. Its durable wood and cultural significance make it an important species in various parts of South Asia, including the Himalayan region.

Family—Ebenaceae.

Common names :Tendu , Balkuniki , Temburni.

seasonal tree, throughout the deciduous |

tin State, common on the N. Kanara Ghats. Fruit globosi

I large cherry, yellow when ripe, bitter, not edible.

Eugenia Corymbosa | Hanlavang, Nimbuli

Eugenia corymbosa, commonly known as "brush cherry" or "Australian brush cherry," is a species of evergreen tree or shrub that belongs to the Myrtaceae family. It is native to Australia, particularly the eastern coastal regions, and is known for its attractive foliage and edible fruit. Here are some key characteristics and uses of Eugenia corymbosa:

1. Appearance:

Eugenia corymbosa typically grows as a small to medium-sized tree or shrub.

The leaves are glossy, lance-shaped, and arranged opposite each other on the branches.

The tree produces small, white to cream-colored flowers that are often followed by fruit.

2. Edible Fruit:

One of the notable features of Eugenia corymbosa is its edible fruit.

The fruit is small, about the size of a cherry, and can be red or purple when ripe.

It has a sweet and slightly tart flavor and is often eaten fresh or used in jams and preserves.

3. Ornamental Plant:

Eugenia corymbosa is commonly cultivated as an ornamental plant in gardens and landscapes.

It is valued for its attractive foliage, which includes glossy green leaves.

The plant can be pruned and shaped into hedges or topiaries.

4. Wildlife Attraction:

The fruit of Eugenia corymbosa is known to attract birds, making it a popular choice for bird enthusiasts.

5. Medicinal Uses:

Some traditional Indigenous Australian communities have used parts of the plant for medicinal purposes.

The leaves have been used for their potential antimicrobial properties.

6. Environmental Role:

The plant plays a role in supporting local ecosystems by providing habitat and food for wildlife.

7. Conservation:

Eugenia corymbosa is not considered globally threatened, but like many native plant species, it may face habitat loss and other threats in some regions.

Eugenia corymbosa is a versatile plant with both ornamental and practical uses. Its attractive appearance, edible fruit, and potential medicinal properties make it a valued plant in its native Australia and a popular choice for landscaping and gardening in other regions with suitable climates.

Family—Myrtaceas.

Common names : Hanlavang, Nimbuli.

A small tree ; throughout the Konkan and N. Kanara.

Fruit globose, size of a large.

Balanites roxburghii | image | Hingu , Ingiluka ,Hinganbet

Balanites roxburghii

Scientific classification of Balanites roxburghii
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Rosids
Order:	Zygophyllales
Family:	Zygophyllaceae
Genus:	Balanites
Species:	B. roxburghii

Common names . Hingu , Ingiluka ,Hinganbet.

A spiny shrub or a small tree growing throughout the driest parts of the State on open situations.

Young leaves and twigs are eaten by cattle

Balanites roxburghii, commonly known as desert date, is a tree species native to various arid and semi-arid regions of Africa and the Indian subcontinent. It is a versatile and hardy plant that has several practical uses and is of ecological and economic importance. Here are some key characteristics and information about Balanites roxburghii:

Plant Description: Balanites roxburghii is a medium-sized, evergreen tree that can reach heights of up to 10 meters (about 33 feet). It has a characteristic umbrella-shaped crown and compound leaves with leaflets.

Fruits: The most notable feature of Balanites roxburghii is its fruit, which is commonly known as desert date. The fruit is a small, ovoid drupe that turns from green to yellow when ripe. The fruit contains a single large seed and has a sweet, edible pulp. It is an important food source in arid regions.

Habitat: Desert date is well adapted to arid and semi-arid environments and can be found in a variety of habitats, including deserts, scrublands, and savannas. It is known for its ability to thrive in harsh, dry conditions.

Culinary Uses: The edible fruit of Balanites roxburghii is consumed by both humans and livestock. It is often eaten fresh or dried and can be used to make traditional dishes, jams, and beverages. The oil extracted from the seeds is also used in cooking and as a source of lighting.

Traditional Medicine: Various parts of the tree, including the bark, leaves, and fruit, have been used in traditional medicine by indigenous communities. They are believed to have medicinal properties and have been used to treat a range of ailments.

Wood: The wood of Balanites roxburghii is durable and resistant to termites, making it valuable for construction and woodworking. It is used for making furniture, agricultural implements, and tools.

Conservation: While not necessarily considered endangered, the conservation status of Balanites roxburghii may vary by region due to habitat degradation and overexploitation.

Other Names: Balanites roxburghii is known by various regional names, including "desert date," "soapberry tree," and "Hingot."

Albizia lebbeck | Albizzia amara | Albizia stipulata | Albizia odoratissima | Shirish

Scientific classification of Albizia lebbeck
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Rosids
Order:	Fabales
Family:	Fabaceae
Genus:	Albizia
Species:	A. lebbeck

Common names: Gujrati. Kaloshirish;
Hindi. Kalshish;
Sirisa;
Marathi. Shirish.
A tall deciduous tree growing throughout the State in dry and moist forests; planted along road-side.
Leaves are eaten by cattle.

.

Scientific classification of Albizzia amara
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Rosids
Order:	Fabales
Family:	Fabaceae
Subfamily:	Mimosoideae
Tribe:	Ingeae
Genus:	Albizia

Common names :-Tugli; Marathi. Lullai.
A middle-sized deciduous tree growing throughout the State in ' dry forests.
Leaves are eaten by cattle.

Albizia odoratissima  | Kala-shirish 

Family—Mimosaceae.
Common names :-
Gujrati. Kalo-serasio ;
Hindi. Siris ;
Marathi. Kala-shirish.
A tall, almost evergreen tree common in the moist forests of the Konkan and N. Kanara, and also in the dry Deccan. Young branches arc eaten by cattle.

Albizia stipulata

Family—Mimosaceae.
Commmon names :-
Gujrati. Shamber ;
Hindi. Siran ;
Marathi. Udal.
A large evergreen tree common in the evergreen forests of the Fodder P
Konkan and N. Kanara ghats.
Young branches arc eaten by cattle.

Anogeissus latifolia | Dabria | Dhava | Dhavda | images

Scientific classification of Anogeissus latifolia | Dabria

Kingdom: Plantae

Division: Magnoliophyta

Class: Magnoliopsida

Order: Myrtales

Family: Combretaceae

Genus: Anogeissus

Species: A. latifolia

Coomon names

Gujrati. Dabria;

Hindi. Dhava;

Marathi. Dhavda.

A large deciduous tree; very common throughout the State, usually in dry deciduous forests.

Leaves are eaten by cattle.

Anogeissus latifolia, commonly known as the "Indian gum arabic tree" or "axlewood," is a medium-sized to large deciduous tree native to various regions of South Asia, including India, Nepal, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka. It is a member of the Combretaceae family. Here are some key characteristics and uses of Anogeissus latifolia:

1. Appearance:

Anogeissus latifolia is a tall tree that can reach heights of up to 20-30 meters.

The leaves are simple, alternate, and broadly elliptical, with prominent veins.

The tree produces small, inconspicuous flowers that are usually greenish or yellowish.

2. Timber:

The wood of Anogeissus latifolia is highly valued for its durability and strength.

It is commonly used in construction, including for building houses, bridges, and furniture.

The wood is resistant to termites and other pests, making it a popular choice for various applications.

3. Medicinal Uses:

Different parts of the tree, including the bark and leaves, have been used in traditional medicine systems for their potential medicinal properties.

In traditional Indian medicine (Ayurveda), the bark of Anogeissus latifolia has been used to treat various ailments, including diarrhea, dysentery, and skin conditions.

The bark is known for its astringent and anti-inflammatory properties.

4. Environmental Role:

Anogeissus latifolia plays a role in supporting local ecosystems, as it can provide habitat and food for various wildlife species.

The tree is often found in dry, deciduous forests and can tolerate arid conditions.

5. Conservation:

The tree species is not currently considered globally threatened, but localized overharvesting for timber and habitat loss in some regions may warrant conservation efforts.

6. Cultural and Traditional Uses:

In some regions of India, the leaves of Anogeissus latifolia are used to make plates and cups, which are biodegradable and have been used for centuries.

Anogeissus latifolia is a versatile and valuable tree with a range of practical uses, including its timber, traditional medicine applications, and ecological role in supporting local ecosystems. Its strong and durable wood has made it a popular choice in construction and carpentry in its native regions.

Boswellia serrata | Dhup | Salgond | Guggula | Salai.

Boswellia serrata, commonly known as Indian frankincense, is a small to medium-sized deciduous tree native to India, the Arabian Peninsula, and parts of Northern Africa. This tree belongs to the family Burseraceae and is well-known for the resin it produces, which has been used for its medicinal properties for centuries. Here are some key characteristics and uses of Boswellia serrata:

1. Appearance:

Boswellia serrata is a relatively small tree that can grow up to 8 meters in height.

The leaves are pinnate, with several leaflets, and they are typically compound in structure.

The tree produces small, pale white to yellow flowers.

2. Medicinal Uses:

The resin obtained from the bark of Boswellia serrata, known as Indian frankincense or olibanum, has been used in traditional medicine systems such as Ayurveda and traditional Indian folk medicine.

The resin is known for its potential anti-inflammatory and analgesic (pain-relieving) properties.

It has been used to treat various ailments, including joint pain and inflammation, arthritis, and digestive disorders.

Boswellia serrata supplements, often in the form of capsules or tablets, are available and used for their potential health benefits.

3. Aromatherapy:

The essential oil extracted from Boswellia serrata resin is used in aromatherapy for its calming and soothing properties.

4. Environmental Role:

The tree plays a role in supporting local ecosystems, and it is often found in arid and semi-arid regions.

5. Conservation:

While not globally threatened, localized overharvesting for resin and habitat loss in some regions may warrant conservation efforts.

Boswellia serrata resin, often referred to as Indian frankincense, is a valuable natural product with a history of traditional use in medicine and aromatherapy. Its potential anti-inflammatory properties make it a subject of interest in modern research as well.

Common names :-Gujrati. Dhup; Hindi. Salgond -Guggula; Matrathi. Salai.

Anthocephalus cadamba | Kadamb

Anthocephalus cadamba, commonly known as kadamba, is a fast-growing, tropical tree belonging to the Rubiaceae family. This tree is native to South and Southeast Asia, including India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, and Indonesia. Here are some key characteristics and uses of Anthocephalus cadamba:

1. Appearance:

Anthocephalus cadamba is a large, evergreen or semi-deciduous tree that can reach heights of 20 to 40 meters.

The leaves are simple, opposite, and elliptical, with prominent veins.

The tree produces fragrant, orange-yellow flowers in dense, globular clusters.

2. Timber:

The wood of the kadamba tree is highly valued for its timber, which is used in various construction applications, including making furniture, plywood, and boat building.

The timber is known for its durability and resistance to termites.

3. Medicinal Uses:

In traditional medicine systems like Ayurveda and traditional Indian folk medicine, various parts of the Anthocephalus cadamba tree have been used for their potential medicinal properties.

The bark and leaves have been used to treat ailments such as fever, diarrhea, and skin conditions.

The tree is also known for its antimicrobial properties.

4. Religious and Cultural Significance:

The kadamba tree is considered sacred in Hinduism and is associated with Lord Krishna, often depicted with a kadamba flower.

Kadamba flowers are used in religious rituals and as offerings to deities in Hindu temples.

5. Agroforestry:

Anthocephalus cadamba is sometimes used in agroforestry systems to provide shade, improve soil fertility, and support the growth of other crops.

6. Environmental Role:

The tree is valuable for its ability to reduce soil erosion and stabilize riverbanks in riparian areas.

7. Conservation:

While Anthocephalus cadamba is not globally threatened, localized overharvesting for timber and habitat loss in some regions may warrant conservation efforts.

The kadamba tree holds cultural and religious significance in addition to its practical uses in construction, traditional medicine, and agroforestry. Its fragrant flowers and large, towering canopy make it a distinctive and cherished tree in many parts of its native range.

Common names:-Hindi. Karam ;

Marathi. Kadamb.

Large deciduous tree; common near villages throughout the Konkan; often cultivated ;

rare in N. Kanara forests.

Leaves are eaten by cattle.

Bridelia retusa | Gauh | Garige | Asana.

Bridelia retusa, commonly known as "kukkutandatvak" or "dhaman" in various parts of India, is a small to medium-sized deciduous tree belonging to the family Phyllanthaceae. This tree is native to various regions of Asia, including India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and Myanmar. Here are some key characteristics and uses of Bridelia retusa:

1. Appearance:

Bridelia retusa typically grows to a height of 4 to 8 meters, although it can sometimes reach up to 15 meters.

The leaves are simple, alternate, and elliptical to ovate in shape, with serrated margins.

The tree produces small, inconspicuous flowers that are either greenish-white or yellowish-green.

2. Medicinal Uses:

In traditional medicine systems such as Ayurveda and traditional Indian folk medicine, various parts of the Bridelia retusa tree have been used for their potential medicinal properties.

Different parts of the tree, including the leaves, bark, and roots, have been used to treat a range of ailments, such as skin conditions, diarrhea, dysentery, and respiratory problems.

The bark is known for its astringent and anti-inflammatory properties and is used in various herbal remedies.

3. Timber:

The wood of Bridelia retusa is used for various purposes, including making furniture, agricultural implements, and firewood.

4. Fodder:

The leaves of the tree are used as fodder for livestock.

5. Environmental Role:

Bridelia retusa plays a role in ecosystem restoration, as it can help improve soil fertility and support the growth of other plant species.

6. Conservation:

Like many other tree species, Bridelia retusa faces habitat loss and overexploitation, and conservation efforts may be needed in certain areas to protect it.

7. Cultural Significance:

In some regions of India, the tree is considered sacred and is associated with traditional rituals and customs.

Bridelia retusa is a versatile tree with a history of traditional use in medicine and other practical applications. Its potential medicinal properties have made it a valuable resource in traditional healing systems in various parts of South Asia.

Family—Euphoibiaceas.

Common names :—G. Asana; A. Gauh; K. Garige ; M. Asana.

A moderate-sized deciduous tree growing throughout the State in deciduous forests; tolerably common in the Deccan and Konkan hills.

Leaves are eaten by cattle.

Buchanania lanzan | Charpoppu ,Charoli

Common names:- Charoli , Char , Charpoppu ,Charoli.
A moderate-sized deciduous tree growing throughout the State in open deciduous forests.
Leaves are eaten by buffaloes.

Buchanania lanzan, commonly known as chironji or charoli, is a small deciduous tree native to India and some other parts of South Asia. The tree belongs to the family Anacardiaceae, and it is primarily known for its seeds, which are edible and have various culinary and medicinal uses. Here are some key characteristics and uses of Buchanania lanzan:

1. Appearance:

Buchanania lanzan typically grows to a height of 5 to 10 meters.

The leaves are simple, alternate, and elliptical in shape.

The small, fragrant flowers are pale yellow or greenish-white.

2. Edible Seeds:

The seeds of chironji, often referred to as "charoli nuts," are the most valued part of the tree.

These seeds are small, about the size of a lentil, and have a slightly sweet and nutty flavor.

Charoli nuts are commonly used in Indian cuisine to add flavor and texture to various dishes, such as sweets, desserts, curries, and rice dishes.

3. Medicinal Uses:

In traditional Indian medicine (Ayurveda), various parts of the Buchanania lanzan tree, including the seeds, leaves, and bark, have been used for their potential medicinal properties.

Chironji seeds are believed to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and are used in herbal remedies.

They are also used for their potential to improve skin health and alleviate digestive issues.

4. Timber:

The wood of Buchanania lanzan is used for making furniture and small wooden items.

5. Conservation:

The tree has faced habitat loss and overexploitation, which has raised concerns about its conservation in some regions.

6. Culinary Uses:

Chironji seeds are a popular ingredient in Indian sweets like barfi, halwa, and kheer (rice pudding).

They are also used in savory dishes, such as pilaf and various curries, especially in northern Indian cuisine.

Buchanania lanzan is a versatile tree valued for its edible seeds and various traditional uses. The seeds, in particular, are an essential ingredient in many regional Indian recipes and contribute to the rich and diverse culinary heritage of the country.

image (picture of Anjeer) | Ficus carica | classification

Anjeer Fruits and tree with 3 meter height .

Ficus carica, commonly known as the fig tree, is a species of flowering plant in the mulberry family, Moraceae. It is primarily cultivated for its edible fruits, known as figs. Figs have been cultivated and consumed for thousands of years and are enjoyed for their sweet, unique flavor and nutritional value. Here are some key characteristics and information about Ficus carica:

Plant Description: Ficus carica is a deciduous tree or large shrub that can reach heights of 3 to 10 meters (10 to 33 feet) or more, depending on growing conditions. The tree has lobed leaves with a rough texture.

Fruits: The most notable feature of Ficus carica is its fig fruits. Figs vary in size and color depending on the variety. They can be green, yellow, purple, or black when ripe. The skin is thin and edible, while the flesh is sweet and contains small, crunchy seeds.

Cultivars: There are numerous cultivars of figs, each with its unique flavor and characteristics. Common fig cultivars include "Black Mission," "Brown Turkey," "Celeste," and "Calimyrna."

Habitat: Fig trees are native to the Mediterranean region but have been cultivated and grown in various parts of the world with suitable climates. They thrive in warm, dry climates and are drought-tolerant.

Culinary Uses: Figs are eaten fresh, dried, or used in various culinary dishes. Fresh figs are often enjoyed as a snack, in salads, or as a dessert topping. Dried figs are commonly used in baking, and they are a staple ingredient in many Middle Eastern and Mediterranean dishes.

Nutritional Value: Figs are a good source of dietary fiber, vitamins (such as vitamin K and B vitamins), and minerals (including potassium, magnesium, and calcium). They are also rich in antioxidants.

Medicinal Uses: Figs have been used in traditional medicine for their potential health benefits. They are known for their laxative properties due to their high fiber content. Additionally, figs may have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

Scientific classification of Ficus carica (Anjeer).
Kingdom: Plantae
Order: Rosales
Family: Moraceae
Tribe: Ficeae
Genus: Ficus
Subgenus: Ficus
Species: F. carica
height is approximately 2 meter with .15 meter girth.

Propagation: Fig trees are typically propagated through cuttings or grafting onto rootstocks. They are relatively easy to grow and can be cultivated in home gardens and orchards.

Dried Figs: Dried figs are a popular snack and ingredient in many cuisines. They can be eaten on their own or used in baking, especially in making cookies, cakes, and bread.