Diospyros chloroxylon | Nensi , Ninai

Diospyros chloroxylon, commonly known as "East Indian ebony" or "calamander wood," is a species of tree native to the Indian subcontinent, including India, Sri Lanka, and parts of Southeast Asia. It is a member of the Ebenaceae family and is well-known for its valuable wood, which has been used in various applications. Here are some key characteristics and uses of Diospyros chloroxylon:

1. Appearance:

Diospyros chloroxylon is a medium-sized deciduous tree that can reach heights of up to 20 meters.

The leaves are simple, elliptical to oblong in shape, and have a glossy appearance.

The tree produces small, inconspicuous flowers.

2. Timber:

The heartwood of Diospyros chloroxylon is highly prized for its durability, attractive grain patterns, and dark color.

It is used in high-end woodworking, particularly for making furniture, cabinetry, veneers, and decorative items.

The wood is known for its lustrous finish and has been used historically in fine craftsmanship.

3. Conservation Concerns:

Diospyros chloroxylon has faced overharvesting for its valuable timber, leading to conservation concerns in some regions.

In many areas, there are efforts to regulate and sustainably manage its harvest to ensure its continued existence.

4. Cultural Significance:

The wood of Diospyros chloroxylon has been historically associated with luxury and high-quality craftsmanship.

It has been used in making fine musical instruments, such as pianos and violins.

5. Environmental Role:

The tree species plays a role in supporting local ecosystems by providing habitat and food for various wildlife species.

6. Traditional Uses:

In traditional medicine, various parts of the tree, including the bark and leaves, have been used for their potential medicinal properties.

7. Timber Trade Restrictions:

Due to concerns about overharvesting and illegal logging, trade restrictions and regulations are in place in some countries to protect Diospyros chloroxylon.

Diospyros chloroxylon, with its valuable timber and fine grain patterns, has been a sought-after wood in various applications, particularly in the realm of woodworking and craftsmanship. Conservation efforts are important to ensure the sustainable use of this tree species and to protect its natural habitat.

Diospyros chloroxylon with Family and common names

Family—Ebenaceae.

Common names :- Nensi , Ninai.

A small tree; common about Surat in Gujarat and in the Nasik district. Fruit, globose, size of a cherry, purplish when ripe, is eaten and is very palatable.

Diospyros Montana| Tendu , Balkuniki , Temburni

Diospyros montana, commonly known as the "Himalayan persimmon" or "wild ebony," is a species of tree native to the Himalayan region and other parts of South Asia. It belongs to the family Ebenaceae. Here are some key characteristics and uses of Diospyros montana:

1. Appearance:

Diospyros montana is a medium-sized to large evergreen tree that can reach heights of up to 30 meters.

The leaves are simple, alternate, and elliptical to oblong in shape, with a glossy dark green color.

The tree produces small, inconspicuous flowers that are typically greenish-white in color.

2. Fruit:

The fruit of Diospyros montana is known as the "Himalayan persimmon."

It is a small, round fruit that turns yellow or orange when ripe.

The fruit is edible and has a sweet and slightly astringent taste.

In some regions, the fruit is consumed fresh or used in making jams and preserves.

3. Timber:

The wood of Diospyros montana is highly valued for its durability and strength.

It is used in various applications, including making furniture, cabinetry, and agricultural implements.

The wood is often referred to as "ebony" due to its dark and dense nature.

4. Traditional Uses:

Different parts of the tree, including the bark and leaves, have been used in traditional medicine in various cultures for their potential medicinal properties.

In some traditional practices, the bark has been used to treat digestive issues and skin conditions.

5. Environmental Role:

Diospyros montana plays a role in supporting local ecosystems by providing habitat and food for various wildlife species.

6. Conservation:

The tree species is not considered globally threatened, but localized overharvesting for timber and habitat loss in some regions may warrant conservation efforts.

7. Cultural Significance:

In some regions, the tree holds cultural and religious significance and may be associated with traditional practices and beliefs.

Diospyros montana is a versatile tree with a range of practical uses, including its timber, edible fruit, and potential medicinal applications. Its durable wood and cultural significance make it an important species in various parts of South Asia, including the Himalayan region.

Family—Ebenaceae.

Common names :Tendu , Balkuniki , Temburni.

seasonal tree, throughout the deciduous |

tin State, common on the N. Kanara Ghats. Fruit globosi

I large cherry, yellow when ripe, bitter, not edible.

Eugenia Corymbosa | Hanlavang, Nimbuli

Eugenia corymbosa, commonly known as "brush cherry" or "Australian brush cherry," is a species of evergreen tree or shrub that belongs to the Myrtaceae family. It is native to Australia, particularly the eastern coastal regions, and is known for its attractive foliage and edible fruit. Here are some key characteristics and uses of Eugenia corymbosa:

1. Appearance:

Eugenia corymbosa typically grows as a small to medium-sized tree or shrub.

The leaves are glossy, lance-shaped, and arranged opposite each other on the branches.

The tree produces small, white to cream-colored flowers that are often followed by fruit.

2. Edible Fruit:

One of the notable features of Eugenia corymbosa is its edible fruit.

The fruit is small, about the size of a cherry, and can be red or purple when ripe.

It has a sweet and slightly tart flavor and is often eaten fresh or used in jams and preserves.

3. Ornamental Plant:

Eugenia corymbosa is commonly cultivated as an ornamental plant in gardens and landscapes.

It is valued for its attractive foliage, which includes glossy green leaves.

The plant can be pruned and shaped into hedges or topiaries.

4. Wildlife Attraction:

The fruit of Eugenia corymbosa is known to attract birds, making it a popular choice for bird enthusiasts.

5. Medicinal Uses:

Some traditional Indigenous Australian communities have used parts of the plant for medicinal purposes.

The leaves have been used for their potential antimicrobial properties.

6. Environmental Role:

The plant plays a role in supporting local ecosystems by providing habitat and food for wildlife.

7. Conservation:

Eugenia corymbosa is not considered globally threatened, but like many native plant species, it may face habitat loss and other threats in some regions.

Eugenia corymbosa is a versatile plant with both ornamental and practical uses. Its attractive appearance, edible fruit, and potential medicinal properties make it a valued plant in its native Australia and a popular choice for landscaping and gardening in other regions with suitable climates.

Family—Myrtaceas.

Common names : Hanlavang, Nimbuli.

A small tree ; throughout the Konkan and N. Kanara.

Fruit globose, size of a large.

Anogeissus latifolia | Dabria | Dhava | Dhavda | images

Scientific classification of Anogeissus latifolia | Dabria

Kingdom: Plantae

Division: Magnoliophyta

Class: Magnoliopsida

Order: Myrtales

Family: Combretaceae

Genus: Anogeissus

Species: A. latifolia

Coomon names

Gujrati. Dabria;

Hindi. Dhava;

Marathi. Dhavda.

A large deciduous tree; very common throughout the State, usually in dry deciduous forests.

Leaves are eaten by cattle.

Anogeissus latifolia, commonly known as the "Indian gum arabic tree" or "axlewood," is a medium-sized to large deciduous tree native to various regions of South Asia, including India, Nepal, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka. It is a member of the Combretaceae family. Here are some key characteristics and uses of Anogeissus latifolia:

1. Appearance:

Anogeissus latifolia is a tall tree that can reach heights of up to 20-30 meters.

The leaves are simple, alternate, and broadly elliptical, with prominent veins.

The tree produces small, inconspicuous flowers that are usually greenish or yellowish.

2. Timber:

The wood of Anogeissus latifolia is highly valued for its durability and strength.

It is commonly used in construction, including for building houses, bridges, and furniture.

The wood is resistant to termites and other pests, making it a popular choice for various applications.

3. Medicinal Uses:

Different parts of the tree, including the bark and leaves, have been used in traditional medicine systems for their potential medicinal properties.

In traditional Indian medicine (Ayurveda), the bark of Anogeissus latifolia has been used to treat various ailments, including diarrhea, dysentery, and skin conditions.

The bark is known for its astringent and anti-inflammatory properties.

4. Environmental Role:

Anogeissus latifolia plays a role in supporting local ecosystems, as it can provide habitat and food for various wildlife species.

The tree is often found in dry, deciduous forests and can tolerate arid conditions.

5. Conservation:

The tree species is not currently considered globally threatened, but localized overharvesting for timber and habitat loss in some regions may warrant conservation efforts.

6. Cultural and Traditional Uses:

In some regions of India, the leaves of Anogeissus latifolia are used to make plates and cups, which are biodegradable and have been used for centuries.

Anogeissus latifolia is a versatile and valuable tree with a range of practical uses, including its timber, traditional medicine applications, and ecological role in supporting local ecosystems. Its strong and durable wood has made it a popular choice in construction and carpentry in its native regions.

Boswellia serrata | Dhup | Salgond | Guggula | Salai.

Boswellia serrata, commonly known as Indian frankincense, is a small to medium-sized deciduous tree native to India, the Arabian Peninsula, and parts of Northern Africa. This tree belongs to the family Burseraceae and is well-known for the resin it produces, which has been used for its medicinal properties for centuries. Here are some key characteristics and uses of Boswellia serrata:

1. Appearance:

Boswellia serrata is a relatively small tree that can grow up to 8 meters in height.

The leaves are pinnate, with several leaflets, and they are typically compound in structure.

The tree produces small, pale white to yellow flowers.

2. Medicinal Uses:

The resin obtained from the bark of Boswellia serrata, known as Indian frankincense or olibanum, has been used in traditional medicine systems such as Ayurveda and traditional Indian folk medicine.

The resin is known for its potential anti-inflammatory and analgesic (pain-relieving) properties.

It has been used to treat various ailments, including joint pain and inflammation, arthritis, and digestive disorders.

Boswellia serrata supplements, often in the form of capsules or tablets, are available and used for their potential health benefits.

3. Aromatherapy:

The essential oil extracted from Boswellia serrata resin is used in aromatherapy for its calming and soothing properties.

4. Environmental Role:

The tree plays a role in supporting local ecosystems, and it is often found in arid and semi-arid regions.

5. Conservation:

While not globally threatened, localized overharvesting for resin and habitat loss in some regions may warrant conservation efforts.

Boswellia serrata resin, often referred to as Indian frankincense, is a valuable natural product with a history of traditional use in medicine and aromatherapy. Its potential anti-inflammatory properties make it a subject of interest in modern research as well.

Common names :-Gujrati. Dhup; Hindi. Salgond -Guggula; Matrathi. Salai.

Anthocephalus cadamba | Kadamb

Anthocephalus cadamba, commonly known as kadamba, is a fast-growing, tropical tree belonging to the Rubiaceae family. This tree is native to South and Southeast Asia, including India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, and Indonesia. Here are some key characteristics and uses of Anthocephalus cadamba:

1. Appearance:

Anthocephalus cadamba is a large, evergreen or semi-deciduous tree that can reach heights of 20 to 40 meters.

The leaves are simple, opposite, and elliptical, with prominent veins.

The tree produces fragrant, orange-yellow flowers in dense, globular clusters.

2. Timber:

The wood of the kadamba tree is highly valued for its timber, which is used in various construction applications, including making furniture, plywood, and boat building.

The timber is known for its durability and resistance to termites.

3. Medicinal Uses:

In traditional medicine systems like Ayurveda and traditional Indian folk medicine, various parts of the Anthocephalus cadamba tree have been used for their potential medicinal properties.

The bark and leaves have been used to treat ailments such as fever, diarrhea, and skin conditions.

The tree is also known for its antimicrobial properties.

4. Religious and Cultural Significance:

The kadamba tree is considered sacred in Hinduism and is associated with Lord Krishna, often depicted with a kadamba flower.

Kadamba flowers are used in religious rituals and as offerings to deities in Hindu temples.

5. Agroforestry:

Anthocephalus cadamba is sometimes used in agroforestry systems to provide shade, improve soil fertility, and support the growth of other crops.

6. Environmental Role:

The tree is valuable for its ability to reduce soil erosion and stabilize riverbanks in riparian areas.

7. Conservation:

While Anthocephalus cadamba is not globally threatened, localized overharvesting for timber and habitat loss in some regions may warrant conservation efforts.

The kadamba tree holds cultural and religious significance in addition to its practical uses in construction, traditional medicine, and agroforestry. Its fragrant flowers and large, towering canopy make it a distinctive and cherished tree in many parts of its native range.

Common names:-Hindi. Karam ;

Marathi. Kadamb.

Large deciduous tree; common near villages throughout the Konkan; often cultivated ;

rare in N. Kanara forests.

Leaves are eaten by cattle.

Buchanania lanzan | Charpoppu ,Charoli

Common names:- Charoli , Char , Charpoppu ,Charoli.
A moderate-sized deciduous tree growing throughout the State in open deciduous forests.
Leaves are eaten by buffaloes.

Buchanania lanzan, commonly known as chironji or charoli, is a small deciduous tree native to India and some other parts of South Asia. The tree belongs to the family Anacardiaceae, and it is primarily known for its seeds, which are edible and have various culinary and medicinal uses. Here are some key characteristics and uses of Buchanania lanzan:

1. Appearance:

Buchanania lanzan typically grows to a height of 5 to 10 meters.

The leaves are simple, alternate, and elliptical in shape.

The small, fragrant flowers are pale yellow or greenish-white.

2. Edible Seeds:

The seeds of chironji, often referred to as "charoli nuts," are the most valued part of the tree.

These seeds are small, about the size of a lentil, and have a slightly sweet and nutty flavor.

Charoli nuts are commonly used in Indian cuisine to add flavor and texture to various dishes, such as sweets, desserts, curries, and rice dishes.

3. Medicinal Uses:

In traditional Indian medicine (Ayurveda), various parts of the Buchanania lanzan tree, including the seeds, leaves, and bark, have been used for their potential medicinal properties.

Chironji seeds are believed to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and are used in herbal remedies.

They are also used for their potential to improve skin health and alleviate digestive issues.

4. Timber:

The wood of Buchanania lanzan is used for making furniture and small wooden items.

5. Conservation:

The tree has faced habitat loss and overexploitation, which has raised concerns about its conservation in some regions.

6. Culinary Uses:

Chironji seeds are a popular ingredient in Indian sweets like barfi, halwa, and kheer (rice pudding).

They are also used in savory dishes, such as pilaf and various curries, especially in northern Indian cuisine.

Buchanania lanzan is a versatile tree valued for its edible seeds and various traditional uses. The seeds, in particular, are an essential ingredient in many regional Indian recipes and contribute to the rich and diverse culinary heritage of the country.

Artocarpus Lakoocha | Dahu ,Watchuli , Wotomb

Family—Urticaceas.

Common names :-Dahu ,Watchuli , Wotomb.

A large deciduous tree growing in the evergreen forests of the

Konkan and N. Kanara.

Leaves are eaten by cattle.

Artocarpus lakoocha, commonly known as Lakoocha, Monkey Jack, or Monkey Bread Tree, is a tropical fruit-bearing tree belonging to the Moraceae family. This tree is native to parts of South and Southeast Asia, including India, Thailand, and Malaysia. Here are some key characteristics and information about Artocarpus lakoocha:

Tree Description: Artocarpus lakoocha is a medium-sized evergreen tree that can reach heights of up to 20 meters (about 66 feet). It has a straight trunk and a spreading canopy.

Fruits: The fruit of the Lakoocha tree is the primary reason for its cultivation. The fruit is typically green and spiky on the outside, with a large, edible pulp on the inside. The pulp is sweet and aromatic, and it contains seeds. The fruit is round to oval in shape and can weigh several kilograms.

Culinary Uses: The sweet and flavorful pulp of Artocarpus lakoocha is consumed fresh as a fruit. It can also be used to make juices, jams, and desserts. The ripe fruit is particularly popular in some regions for its pleasant taste.

Traditional Medicine: In traditional medicine systems, various parts of the Lakoocha tree have been used for their potential medicinal properties. For example, the bark and leaves are believed to have anti-inflammatory and antipyretic (fever-reducing) properties.

Wood: The wood of the tree is sometimes used for construction and making furniture.

Cultural Significance: In some cultures, Artocarpus lakoocha is associated with various rituals and traditions. It may have cultural and religious significance in certain regions.

Habitat: The tree prefers tropical and subtropical climates and is often found in lowland rainforests and other forested areas.

Conservation: While not necessarily considered endangered, the conservation status of Artocarpus lakoocha may vary by region due to habitat loss and deforestation.

Propagation: Lakoocha trees are propagated through seeds and can be grown from cuttings as well. They require well-drained soil and warm, humid conditions to thrive.

Other Names: The tree is known by various regional names, including "Lakoocha," "Lakucha," "Monkey Jack," and "Monkey Bread Tree."

Artocarpus lakoocha is valued for its sweet and delicious fruit and is an important source of nutrition and income for communities in its native range. It is also appreciated for its potential medicinal properties and cultural significance in some regions.

Dillenia pentagyna flowers | Karmal image | Aggai , Kanagola

Family.—Dilleniacea

Common Names :- Aggai , Kanagola ,Karmal.

A rather large seasonal tree ; found throughout the State in deci¬duous forests. Fruit, size of a cherry, globular, smooth, orange-yellow, surrounded by enlarged fleshy sepals, has a pleasant acid taste and is eaten raw or cooked.

See—Timbers, Fibres, Fodder Plants.